Synthetic studies of lignanes: Attempted synthesis of arctigenin and enterolactone Scientific paper
Main Article Content
Abstract
A synthetic approach to bioactive lignans was devised, which relies on photocatalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition of cinnamyl cinnamates, followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis of C–C bond between two benzylic positions in the strained cycloadduct. However, while feasible in the model study, this approach could not be applied to the synthesis of bioactive derivatives arctigenin and enterolactone. Calculations were performed in order to rationalize the surprising lack of reactivity of substituted cinnamates and cyclobutane-fused γ-butyrolactone.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Funding data
-
Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia
Grant numbers 7750119 -
Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja
Grant numbers 451-03-33/2026-03/ 200168;451-03-33/2026-03/ 200288
References
N. G. Lewis, L. B. Davin: Lignans: Biosynthesis and Function, in: Comprehensive Natural Product Chemistry, Vol. 1, Chapter 1.25, D. H. R. Barton, K. Nakanishi Eds., Elsevier Science, Inc., New York, 1999, p. 640
R. B. Teponno, S. Kusari, M. Spiteller, Nat. Prod. Rep. 33 (2016) 1044 (https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NP00021E)
M. Burgberger, J. Mierziak, B. Augustyniak, W. Wojtasik, A. Kulma, Metabolites 15 (2025) 589 (https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15090589)
Q. Gao, M. Yang, Z. Zuo, Acta Pharm. Sin. 39 (2018) 787 (https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2018.32)
Number of references for the arcigenine biological activities are presented in following journal: S. Yamauchi, A. Nishimoto, H. Nishiwaki, K. Nishi, T. Sugahara, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 30 (2020) 127191 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127191)
S. Liu, K. Chen, W. Schliemann, D. Strack, Phytochem. Anal. 16 (2005) 86 (https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.816))
S. Awale, J. Lu, S.K. Kalauni, Y. Kurashima, Y. Tezuka, S. Kadota, H. Esumi, Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 1751 (https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3143)
S. Shen, J. Zhuang, Y. Chen, M. Lei, J. Chen, X. Shen, L. Hu, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 21 (2013) 3882 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.010)
Y. He, Q. Fan, T. Cai, W. Huang, X. Xie, Y. Wen, Z. Shi, Biomed. Pharmacother. 108 (2018) 403 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.158)
R. Chowdhury, Md. S. Bhuia, P. Wilairatana, M. Afroz, R. Hasan, J. Ferdous, A. I. Rakib, S. Sheikh, M. S. Mubarak, M. T. Islam, Heliyon 10 (2024) e32899 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32899)
C. Lin, J. Wang, S. Chai, Y. Yan, D. Cao, Y. Guo, M. Xu, Y. Zhang, Z. Yuan, Y. Shi,
G.-R. Liu, L. J. Luo, S. Deng, Y. Zhao, X.-H. Zhang, X. Kang, J. Wei, Z. Zhang, J. Yang, S.-L. Liu, H. Liu, J. Pharmacol. (2026) 1 (https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.70327)
H. Adlercreutz, Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 44 (2007) 483 (https://doi.org/10.1080/10408360701612942)
D. Wu, L. Jin, X. Huang, H. Deng, Q.-k. Shen, Z.-s. Quan, C. Zhang, H.-Y. Gue, J. Enz. Inh. Med. Chem. 37 (2022) 2452 (https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2022.2115035)
Q. T. Waulters, W. Bio-Sawe, R. Hoffmann, M. P. Sibi, Arkivoc (2018) 76 (https://doi.org/10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.451)
J. Fischer, A. J. Reynolds, L. A. Sharp, M. S. Sherburn, Org. Lett. 5 (2004) 1345 (https://doi.org/10.1021/ol049878b)
M. P. Sibi, P. Liu, J. Ji, S. Hajra, J.X. Chen, J. Org. Chem. 67 (2002) 1738 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jo015501x)
P. Wu, K. Xu, Y. Fu, T. Kang, D. Dou, Y. Zhai, Chin. J. Org. Chem. 36 (2016) 1111 (https://doi.org/10.6023/cjoc201511040)
J. W. Bode, M. P. Doyle, M. N. Protopopova, Q.-L. Zhou, J. Org. Chem. 61 (1996) 9146 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jo961607u)
R. Jiang, Ismiyarto, T. Abe, D.-Y. Zhou, K. Asano, T. Suzuki, H. Sasai, T. Suzuki, J. Org. Chem. 87 (2022) 5051 (https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.1c02801)
S. Yamauchi, A. Nishimoto, H. Nishiwaki, K. Nishi, T. Sugahara, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 30 (2020) 127191 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127191)
M.P. Sibi, P. Liu, M.D. Johnson, Can. J. Chem. 78 (2000) 133
F. Allais, T.J.L. Pla, P.H. Ducrot, Synthesis (2011) 1456 (https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1259982)
H. Yoda, H. Kitayama, T. Katagiri, K. Takabe, Tetrahedron 48 (1992) 3313
M.P. Doyle, M.N. Protopopova, Q.L. Zhou, J.W. Bode, S.H. Simonsen, V.J. Lynch, J. Org. Chem. 60 (1995) 21 6654 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00126a002)
B. Yan, C.D. Spilling, J. Org. Chem. 69 (2004) 2859 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jo035795h)
Y. Isemori, Y. Kobayashi, Synlett (2004) 1941 (https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830890)
S. Hajra, A.K. Giri, S. Hazra, J. Org. Chem. 74 (2009) 7978 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jo900810a)
R. Chênevert, G. Mohammadi-Ziarani, D. Caron, D.M. Mohammed, Can. J. Chem. 77 (1999) 223
A. Van Oeveren, J.F.G.A. Jansen, B.L. Feringa, J. Org. Chem. 59 (1994) 5999 (https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00099a033)
P. Eklund, A. Lindholm, J.P. Mikkola, A. Smeds, R. Lehtilä, R. Sjöholm, Org. Lett. 5 (2003) 491 (https://doi.org/10.1021/ol0273598)
T. Nikaido, T. Ohmoto, T. Kinoshita, U. Sankawa, S. Nishibe, S, Hisada, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 29 (1981) 3586 (https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.29.3586)
S. Kerres, E. Plut, S. Malcherek, J. Rehbein, O. Reiser, Adv. Synth. Catal. (2019) 1400 (https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.201801413)
S.-i. Nakano, K. Kakugawa, T. Nemoto, Y. Hamada, Adv. Synth. Catal. 356 (2014) 2088 (https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.201400020)
J. Nishimura, A. Ohbayashi, E. Ueda, A. Oku, Chem. Ber. 121 (1988) 2025 (https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.19881211120)
I. A. MacKenzie, L. Wang, N. P. R. Onuska, O. F. Williams, K. Begam, A. M. Moran, B. D. Dunietz, D. A. Nicewicz, Nature 580 (2020) 76 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2131-1)
L. M. Harwood, Aldrichim. Acta 18 (1985) 25 (https://10.1007/978-94-009-0819-2_4)
T. Momose, G. Tanabe, H. Tsujimori, O. Muraoka, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 40 (1992) 2525 (https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.40.2525)
F. Neese, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Mol. Sci. 15 (2025) e70019 https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.70019
B. de Souza, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64 (2025) e202500393 (https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202500393)
J. G. Brandenburg, C. Bannwarth, A. Hansen, S. Grimme, J. Chem. Phys. 148 (2018) 064104 (https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5012601)
M. Müller, A. Hansen, S. Grimme, J. Chem. Phys. 158 (2023) 014103 (https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0133026).