Characterization of enalapril maleate: An approach using thermoanalytical, thermokinetic and spectroscopic techniques
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Abstract
Enalapril maleate is a widely used drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Its mechanism of action is to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme selectively. Therefore, it is metabolized to enalaprilat by liver cells. The thermal behavior of enalapril maleate was investigated by simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and evolved gas analysis by simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry coupled infrared spectroscopy (TG-DSC-FTIR). The results provided information on thermal stability, purity, thermal decomposition steps, and the main products formed in the heating. The enalapril maleate was found to be stable up to 148 °C. Above this temperature causes thermal degradation of the substance, which occurs in two stages in an inert atmosphere (N2) and three stages in an oxidizing atmosphere (air). Through the TG-DSC-FTIR the released gases were identified as maleic anhydride as a thermal decomposition intermediate. DSC analysis showed that the material obtained 99.5% purity, which indicates high purity. Employing both the Kissinger and Friedman equations, alongside Model Fitting methods, the study reveals key insights. The Kissinger method unveils an apparent activation energy of 47.07±15.45 kJ mol⁻¹ for the complete thermal breakdown, a finding corroborated by the Friedman method. Model Fitting methods, the article applies them, yielding an apparent activation energy of 55.70±3.4 kJ mol⁻¹ with a three-dimensional diffusion thermal degradation model.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Funding data
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Grant numbers 402435/2022-2 -
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Grant numbers 200114/2022-0 -
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Grant numbers 04.13.0448.00/2013
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