A simple and feasible determination of selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene in the pharmaceutical formulation using the pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode
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Abstract
This article reports on the development of an electroanalytical method for the quantitative determination of the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene (RLX) using voltammetry at a pretreated boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. RLX exhibited irreversible cyclic voltammetric (CV) behavior in 0.04 mol L–1 Britton-Robinson (BR) supporting electrolyte at pH 2, generating two anodic oxidation peaks at approximately +0.79 V(PA1) and +1.46 V (PA2). Scan rate analysis revealed that both adsorption and diffusion mechanisms govern RLX transport to the electrode surface. Consequently, incorporating a preconcentration (deposition) step was hypothesized to enhance analytical sensitivity. Optimal deposition parameters, along with supporting electrolyte pH and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) modulation settings, were systematically optimized. Quantitative analysis was based on the first anodic peak (PA1) in 0.04 mol L⁻¹ BR buffer at pH 2, exhibiting a linear dynamic range from 0.025 to 5.0 μg mL⁻¹ (4.9·10⁻⁸ to 9.9·10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹) and a detection limit of 0.0073 μg mL⁻¹ (1.4·10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹). The method’s applicability was validated by successfully quantifying RLX in pharmaceutical formulations.
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